2^nd World Congress on Advancements in Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases July 02-03, 2020 Amsterdam, Netherlands

Biography:

Dr Rahul Hajare was fortunate enough to be recognized for hard work with scholarships from India Council of Medical Research Ministry of Health Research New Delhi scholarship including a centenary post doc National AIDS Research Institute Pune that is presented by Respected Dr. R.S.Paranjape, Immunologist and World Renowned Scientist., Retired Director & Scientist ‘G’ National AIDS Research Institute Pune

 

Abstract:

Mental well-being is a critical aspect in understanding one’s overall health. In the India alone, mental illness effects one in six adults. Furthermore, 40% of those individuals who die of suicide have been diagnosed with a mental health condition. Corona effect 35% Indians sleep after 12 pm. A new study has revealed how the pandemic has altered the sleep timings of Indians in the last few weeks. Pune university researcher based and matress solutions company pune combined recently conducted a survey online to gauge the sleep patterns of Indians post the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. The study conducted among 1,500 individuals revealed that with more people staying indoors and working from home, sleep timings have gone for a toss.According to the survey, over 67 per cent Indians admitted that their sleep patterns have changed.Prior to the lockdown, 46 per cent of the respondents stated they used to sleep before 11 pm. Post the lockdown, only 39 per cent go to bed before 11 pm.

Before the lockdown, 25 per cent would go to bed post midnight; the number has gone up to 35 per cent with more people now going to bed after 12.The survey reported a 40 per cent rise in late night sleepers since the lockdown.Over 81 per cent of the respondents who participated in the survey believed that their sleep schedule might get better once the lockdown is lifted.We aim for the quality content and strive hard to keep it up by making all necessary possible arrangements. In this process, we encountered a specific instance where we oblige support from you to handle a manuscript.       

Biography:

Muhammad Ridwan

Intern (medical doctor) at Bhayangkara Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia

Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia

 

Abstract:

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease which causes death after HIV, mostly in a tropical and developing country like Indonesia. TB infection can be categorized into tropical neglected disease epidemiologically as the patients are mostly from slum area, dense population, rural, and poor family who have many obstacles in healing process. TB is caused by an infectious bacteria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is contagious easily. Multi Drug Resistant (MDR-TB) is the biggest problem in preventing and curing TB in the world. Indonesia is in the 8^th of 27^th country which has big issue of TB. MDR-TB diagnosis recently uses GeneXpert. This tool spends a big cost and expensive to  bebought therefore only a few hospitals can afford it. Furthermore, it needs training and skilled persons to use it in diagnosing MDR-TB. This research aims to solve the problem by creating a tissue design integrated-CRISPR/Cas9 System as MDR-TB sensor. This research uses literature review method. CRISPR or Cluster Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats has been used mostly as genome editing. This concept uses CRISPR to detect specific resistant genes, rifampisinand isoniazid, in tuberculosis bacteria. If the patient has MDR-TB, the tissue will turn blue as it detects rifampisinandisoniazid.

 

Biography:

Alex M. Gateri

African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya

I lost close friends when they realized I had TB” – The lived experiences 

Abstract:

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem with serious health and social implications which produce unique experiences for the patients. Understanding the lived experiences of persons with TB is important for appropriate and successful TB interventions and management. Unsuccessful treatment has grave public health consequences at individual and community levels, hence the need for comprehensive support addressing the felt experiences. The study sought to describe the lived experience of individuals with TB.

Methods: Qualitative study using 40 narratives fromrespondents with TB and key informant interviews from4 TB health care providers in two health facilities in Nairobi City County using an interpretive phenomenology. Between February and March 2016, the 40 respondents were interviewed twice, first at the healthcare facility with a follow-up interview and observation at their homes. The respondents were aged 18-49 years. Content and thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data.

 

Results: Socioeconomic, structural and medication related factors shape the experiences of respondents with TB. Social factors such as stigma and lack of family and other social support characterize experiences of respondents with TB. TB treatment challenges such as side effects and financial constraints also shape the experiences of the patients. Although respondents reported good provider-client relationship, theyhave to deal with long treatment regimens and long queues when seeking treatment services in the health facilities.

 

Conclusions: TB management programs should account for factors that influence the lived experience of patients to facilitate effective treatment. Many of these factors constitute barriers to effective treatment and management.Facilitating social support structures to address stigma and promote adherence is important from a public health perspective. Strengthening health systems for efficient service delivery is imperative for not only general client satisfaction but also an incentive to retain patients in treatment course.

 

 

Biography:

Manirakiza Leonard completed his Bachelors degree in Economics and Statistics in 2015 from Kyambogo University, Uganda and has acqured several trainings in pharmacovigilance. He is the Data analyst of National Pharmacovigilance Center, Uganda. He has co-authored3 more papers in reputed journal.

Abstract:

Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin recommended as first line treatment option for a number of diseases in Uganda. However, the National Drug Authority has in the recent past received complaints of suspected treatment failure from clinicians who use different brands of ceftriaxone in Uganda. The main aim of the study was to document the treatment outcome following use of ceftriaxone and evaluating the use of ceftriaxone against the current treatment guidelines in Uganda using a descriptive non-interventional study design. A total of 100 hospitalized patients treated with ceftriaxone were enrolled. The results showed that Ceftriaxone was used to treat pneumonia in the paediatric ward, presumptive therapy for infection following caesarean section and PID in the post-natal ward, while on surgical and medical wards, Ceftriaxone was used to manage upper respiratory infection, bacterial infections and meningitis. Of the patients treated with ceftriaxone only 18% completed their doses and had regular administration. Majority of the patients had irregular administration with completed doses and others did not complete their doses. It was concluded that there is low treatment outcome during use of Ceftriaxone and the empirically treatment is highly prevalent in the hospital. There is high number of inappropriate drug administration, in which patients usually miss doses or do not complete as prescribed. This practice has an effect of affecting the patient outcomes and aggravating antimicrobial resistance. Choice of ceftriaxone use is not guided by culture and sensitivity due to lack of inadequate laboratory infrastructure.

 

 

Biography:

DrZulaikah  has completed her PhD in 2017  from University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.  Recently she is a microbiologist working at Johor Bahru Public Health Laboratory, Malaysia. In 2019, she was rewarded as Subject Matter Expert in Mycobacteriology.  She is actively involved in the state TB controlled program including the  latent TB study, conducted by MOH Malaysia .

Abstract:

New effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are urgently needed to control the disease which infects about 10 million people and kills about 2 million people annually. The existing TB vaccine, BacilleCalmette Guerin (BCG), is the only available licenced vaccine which is neither effective in conferring protection in adults nor reactivation of latent TB infection. In the current study, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) protein, Rv2031c, which was predicted to be expressed during active, latent and reactivation stages of TB infection, was selected as a potential TB vaccine candidate. The peptides were predicted to be presented via the MHC-class I and II antigen presenting pathways by >90% of the global population. The silicon-based delivery nanovesicle, Siosomes^® was used in this study. The peptides were encapsulated into the Siosomes^®, to assess the specific immune response in mice with the use of the adjuvant, Montanide 51VG. After 8 weeks, the humoral and cellular immune responses were determined. The candidate was further evaluated in a mouse challenge model using homologous (MPS2-MPS2) or heterologous (BCG-MPS2) prime-boosting immunization strategy for sixteen weeks. The non-adjuvanted vaccine (PS2) was used as control.The specific IgG1 and IgG2a were increased in mice immunized with MPS2 (p<0.001). Spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with PS2 (p<0.01) and MPS2 (p<0.001) significantly proliferated when stimulated with the specific peptides. Mice immunized with PS2, induced the production of intracellular IFN–g (p<0.01) and IL-2 (p<0.05) by CD4+T cells, while CD8+T cells produced significant expression of IL-4 (p<0.001). MPS2 induced the production of intracellular IFN–g (p<0.05), but lower levels of IL-4 (p<0.001) by CD4+T cells compared to non-immunized mice. Hence unlike PS2, which resulted in a mixed Th1-Th2 response, MPS2 induced better Th1 type immunity (IFN-g and IgG2a), and importantly lower Th2 response based on the lower levels of IL-4.Challenge studies revealed a significant reduction of CFU and inflammatory areas of the infected lung in mice vaccinated with BCG-MPS2 (p<0.001) compared to non-immunized (p≤ 0.001) and BCG immunized (p≤0.05) groups.The finding showed that Rv2031c encapsulated into Siosomes can confer protection against Mtb infection.

 

 

Biography:

I has completed his PhD at the age of 42 years from Gadjah Mada Ubiversity . I am  the director of Diagnostic and Research Centre for Infectious Disease, Andalas University and Research Director at Andalas Hospital, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. My research focus is molecular, imunology and biotechnology for infectious disease. The last research is Tuberculosis - MDR epidemiology in West Sumatera that funded by Peer Health project – NIH US . I has published more than 10 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board in some  university journal in Indonesia.

 

Abstract:

Treatment of active TB is not sufficient to eliminate the disease, because individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) out number those with active TB, and LTBI can progress to active disease at any time. The diagnosis and treatment of individuals with LTBI who are at higher risk of developing active TB is an important goal of TB control programs in developed countries. However, diagnosis of LTBI is problematic because the tuberculin skin test (TST), which has been widely used for centuries, has several limitations

 

The aim of this study was to obtain cut-off value of IFN-g that can be used as guidelines for the diagnosis LTBI. The diagnosis is confirmed by the cut-off, a history of close contact and no clinical and radiological manifestations.

 

The study was conducted on 120 subjects consisted of 40 patients with active TB, 40 healthy  and 40 subjects with suspected latent TB. Limphocytes have isolated from whole blood using ficoll technique,  cultured on RPMI complete medium and induced with Esat-6 for 6 days. IFN-g levels were examined from the supernatant by sandwich Elisa technique. Statistical analysis was used to determine the cut-off value of IFN-g derived from healthy and tuberculosis patients.

 

In this study,  the concentration of IFN-g obtained from patients with active TB is higher than that found in the other 2 groups, ie 1,044 ±  0,23 ng/ml, whereas in the group with suspected latent TB is 0,745  ± 0,28 ng/ ml and the healthy group was 0,455 ± 0,20 ng/ml. The highest suitability index (Kappa value) that can differentiate between healthy and diseased groups is 0,925 for the concentration of IFN-g 0,792 ng/ml. So that the levels of IFN-g 0, 792 ng/ml was considered as the cut-off value. Based on this value, from 40 suspected cases of latent TB latent found as many as 17 people (42.5%) and 23 were not latent TB (57.5%).

 

Based on this study can be concluded that the levels of IFN-g from limphocytes cells cultured was 0,792ng/ml. It was  was the cut-off value for diagnosis of LTBI, but should be combined with a history of close contact and clinical/radiological data. 

Biography:

Fantahun BiadglegneDegeneh is a PhD holder from Medical faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany. He performed studies on molecular epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, and genomic diversity of clinical M.tuberculosis isolates. In addition, he was involved in all aspects of laboratory diagnostics of Mycobacterial infections and has established typing schemes for diagnostic and epidemiologic studies. Fantahun is working at the Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia. He has worked over ten years of teaching and researching experience at Bahir Dar University with high capacity to analyse regional and national strategies and identify gaps in the areas of tuberculosis. Moreover, he is involved in national and international research projects in human microbial pathogens and their drug resistance funded by different organizations. He is leading different projects in Bahir Dar University; communicating research results to diverse audiences.Meanwhile, he has published extensively more than 50 papers as an author and co-author in peer reviewed journals and most of the publications are on M. tuberculosis.  Currently, Fantahun is working as a post Dr. Research fellow, University of Leipzig, Germany. 

 

Abstract:

Recently, newly defined clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains, namely Ethiopia 1-3 and Ethiopia H37Rv-like strains, and other clades associated with pulmonary TB (PTB) were identified in Ethiopia. In this study, we investigated whether these new strain types exhibit an increased ability to cause TB lymphadenitis (TBLN) and raised the question, if particular MTBC strains derived from TBLN patients in northern Ethiopia are genetically adapted to their local hosts and/or to the TBLN.Genotyping of 196 MTBC strains isolated from TBLN patients was performed by spoligotyping and 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing. A statistical analysis was carried out to see possible associations between patient characteristics and phylogenetic MTBC strain classification.Among 196 isolates, the majority of strains belonged to the Delhi/CAS (38.8%) lineage, followed by Ethiopia 1 (9.7%), Ethiopia 3 (8.7%), Ethiopia H37RV-like (8.2%), Ethiopia 2 and Haarlem (7.7% each), URAL (3.6%), Uganda l and LAM (2% each), S-type (1.5%), X-type (1%), and 0.5% isolates of TUR, EAI, and Beijing genotype, respectively. Overall, 15 strains (7.7%) could not be allocated to a previously described phylogenetic lineage. The distribution of MTBC lineages is similar to that found in studies of PTB samples. The cluster rate (35%) in this study is significantly lower (P = 0.035) compared to 45% in the study of PTB in northwestern Ethiopia.In the studied area, lymph node samples are dominated by Dehli/CAS genotype strains and strains of largely not yet defined clades based on MIRU-VNTR 24-loci nomenclature. We found no indication that strains of particular genotypes are specifically associated with TBLN. However, a detailed analysis of specific genetic variants of the locally contained Ethiopian clades by whole genome sequencing may reveal new insights into the host-pathogen co-evolution and specific features that are related to the local host immune system

Biography:

ApoloAyebale has just completed his master’s degree in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics from Makerere University, Uganda. He is an epidemiologist currently working as a volunteer with the Ministry of Health on some projects. He has worked as a clinician in government health facilities, treating patients for over ten years. He is currently working on three papers for publication.

 

Abstract:

Introduction: Tuberculosis treatment success in Hoima district was only 68% in 2017 compared to the national target of 85%.About 55% of the smear positive tuberculosis patients remain positive at the end of two months of medication.                                                                                                                                              Objective: The main objective was to determine the incidence, predictors of two months’ sputum non follow-up and explore patients’ perceived quality of care among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Hoima district. Methods: We used a concurrent nested mixed method, retrospective cohorts and phenomenology design. Results: The incidence of two months’ sputum non follow-up was 26.9% (95%CI = 7.0 – 64.4). The predictors associated with sputum non follow-up include positive versus negative HIV status(aIRR = 1.48, P<0.001), not on versus being on directly observed treatment (aIRR= 1.31 P=0.002), rural versus urban health facilities (aIRR=1.79, P=0.006), private versus government health facilities (aIRR=2.05, P=0.015), distance >5km versus ≤5km (aIRR = 1.38, P = 0.021.

Patients’ perceived quality of tuberculosis care was generally good with regards to availability of health workers at health facilities, being initiated on treatment immediately after diagnosis among others. However counseling was perceived to be inadequate, patients experienced long waiting times in addition to rude treatment from some health workers. Conclusion: Incidence of sputum non follow-up was high. The counseling services to patients should be strengthened and village health teams should be encouraged to follow-up tuberculosis patients. Special attention should be given to patient living with HIV, not on DOT, attending rural health facilities, private health facilities and travelling beyond 5 km from the respective health facilities. Government should recruit more staff especially counselors and nurses to attend to tuberculosis patients in a timely manner.

 

Biography:

Endale Alemayehu (MSc in Biostatistics)

Author’s Affiliation: Department of Statistics, Ambo University

 

Abstract:

Introduction: Tuberculosis is the long-lasting infectious disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally, in 2016 alone, approximately 10.4 million new cases have occurred worldwide. Africa has shared around 25% of the incidence and specifically in Ethiopia around 82 thousand was caught by Tuberculosis. Objectives: This study has been aimed to model the counts of Tuberculosis cases using Bayesian hierarchical approach of Latent Gaussian Model (LGM) with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation method. It is also designed to determine the predictors and see the variation of Tuberculosis incidences across districts of Jimma zone. Moreover, the researcher intends to compare the inbuilt R-INLA default priors and penalized complexity priors so that to assure the robustness of the priors for which Bayesian hierarchical approach of latent Gaussian model was applied. Methods: The study has been conducted in Jimma zone of entire districts and the data is basically secondary which is obtained from Jimma zone health office. The counts of Tuberculosis cases have been analyzed with factors like gender, HIV co-infection, Population density and age of patients. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) method of Bayesian approach which is fast, deterministic and promising alternative to MCMC method was used to determine posterior marginal. Results: The latent Gaussian model of Poisson distributional assumption of Tuberculosis cases that includes both fixed and random effects with penalized complexity priors appeared to be the best model to fit the data based on the Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria. The simplified Laplace approximation indicated that posterior marginal was well approximated by normal distribution. Conclusions: The hierarchical level of Latent Gaussian Model with Penalized Complexity was found to be the appropriate model. All the variables were significant under this model and the posterior marginal was well approximated by standard Gaussian. The PIT indicated that predictive distribution was less affected by outliers and the model was reasonably well. Recommendation: Since all the covariates in this study are significant factors of TB cases. Thus, Jimma zone health office and other health sectors should have to focus on controlling TB cases with special focus to districts that have a high severity of the disease.

Biography:

Dr.Sonwabo Lindani

Fielding Crescent, Mondeor, Johannesburg, 2091

Abstract:

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global challenge and South Africa is one of the countries that are still battling with the management and control of this disease. To manage tuberculosis better, it is important to document the prevalence on INH monodrug resistant TB and determine treatment outcomes on these patients as compared to those who have drug susceptible tuberculosis (TB) and identify associated risk factors. Study Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and investigate the associated factors of Isoniazid mono-drug resistance tuberculosis in Tshwane district, Gauteng, in 2009. Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective records review study on Isoniazid (INH) mono-resistant TB patients in Tshwane in year 2009. During the first phase, a review of electronic registers including socio-demographic and other characteristics of patients that were on tuberculosis treatment in year 2009 within the Tshwane District and the whole National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Corporate data warehouse (CDW) database for 2009. During the second phase a matched case-control study was conducted based on the information from the CDW. Cases were patients with INH culture confirmed monoresistance TB who were matched by sex, name, date of birth and diagnosis date with controls, patients with drug susceptible TB. For comparison, data was converted into categorical variables and bi-variant analysis was done by running a two by two table of association. The Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval were calculated to determine the statistical significance. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the 349 study selected for the study, 55% of them were males and the mean age was 36.6 years. Although most of the patients were newly diagnosed with tuberculosis (94%), few of them had a known HIV status (31%). Out of the total patients with known HIV status, sixteen percent (16%) of them were HIV negative, 34% had INH mono-resistant TB and HIV positive. A total 25% of patients sampled were under directly observed treatment (DOT) system. Bivariate analysis shoed that participating in DOT support reduces the risk to developing resistant TB compared to those not participating (OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.30-0.83, p-=0.01). Seventy-two (72%) of the patients had positive final outcomes with a total of 58.6% having sensitive TB and 93% were on treatment regimen 1. Conclusion and recommendations: The study has shown that the prevalence of INH mono-resistant TB patients is relatively high among patients studied with district 1 having more prevalence than other regions. Participating in DOT program greatly enhances positive treatment outcome and is highly recommended in managing INHMr patients.