2^nd World Congress on Advancements in Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases July 02-03, 2020 Amsterdam, Netherlands

Epidemiology is branch of science which makes effective ideas for preventing the illness and provides precautions to patients suffering. More than one-quarter of world population is affected with mycobacterium infections. Tuberculosis is widely spreadable disease after HIV/AIDS. Tuberculosis was at high in 2003 which gradually reduced over the years and during 2007 most of people globally were affected by tuberculosis. In developed countries tuberculosis is relatively less familiar. Tuberculosis is generally referred as urban disease. Tuberculosis is mainly caused in geriatrics and low immune. Most of the M .bacterium infection is non- contagious. About 95% of infection is asymptomatic.

In the history drugs are discovered through the active ingredients from age old remedies, but during the present day’s disease are controlled by molecular and physiological level. The healthy approach towards discovering new drugs also measures to reduce the prolonged clinical development of new drugs.it involves the details about the preclinical and clinical trials of tuberculosis. Antibiotic drugs became shortage due to multiple drug resistance which is main cause of tuberculosis. New drug discovery uses the inactive bacteria to develop new drug for tuberculosis. Mycobacterium is resistant to most the antibiotics. To achieve the shorter duration therapy it is expected to destroy the sub population of mycobacterium.

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Drug resistance tuberculosis is a tuberculosis infection caused by infectious bacteria that are resistant to treatment of first line anti tubercular drugs. Insufficient drug delivery is the main cause of drug resistance. Some tuberculosis infectious bacteria are also resistant to second line drugs referred as extensively drug resistant TB. Beginning of antibiotic treatment, some strains of TB bacteria produced resistance to specific drugs through genetic changes. Multi drug resistance require second line drug which are less effective and more active. 9% of MDR-TB are resistant to one of the drugs in the group comes under XDR-TB. Increase in resistance level in tuberculosis strain causes complication for public health to control tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is an opportunistic infection and is easily affected to the people with HIV. HIV weakens the immune system which increases chance of getting affected with tuberculosis. Person have both HIV/tuberculosis is referred as HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. Conditions become severe in the case of multi drug resistance tuberculosis and extensively drug resistance tuberculosis is difficult to cure and causes increase in mortality. Pro inflammatory cytokine production by tuberculous granulomas is connected with HIV viremia which leads to the cause of disease. Untreated latent TB infection can be easily activated to TB disease in HIV patients due to their low immunity. If not treated it leads to death. TB is difficult to diagnose in HIV positive patient than a person with only TB.HIV-TB co-infection people are treated with anti-retro viral therapy and anti-tubercular drugs. Advantages of early anti- retro viral drugs includes decreased trend of mortality

Rehabilitation is restoring someone into normal life style. Rehabilitation plays a major role in tuberculosis patient because of mediation and therapy course during the treatment. The side effects of TB medication are extensive so it requires rehabilitation or extensive therapy. There are many side effects during medication course which causes depression. Due to pressure faced during the treatment and post treatment makes the patient weak so rehabilitation of one to one session, counselling after course allows them to deal with external pressure.

Nanotechnology is duplicating the matter on an atomic scale. Nanotechnology refers to building the structure in micro level. Development of novel drugs decreases the drug resistance and drug interaction. In the past years many research are done in developing the nanotechnology based therapy for replacing the administration of antibiotics. Different animal model are tired to develop antibiotic therapy using polymer technology. Nanoparticles are made up of biocompatible and biodegradable which is either natural or synthetic .they can easily dissolve in cell .polymeric nanoparticles represent as bio adhesive in gastro intestinal tract. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid [PLGA] is a copolymer accepted by food and drug administration for therapeutic purpose. Nano beads have the slow and sustained release of particles. Introduction of nanoparticles allows decreasing the side effects, multiple drugs can be encapsulated in a matrix, high constancy.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis is done by taking the biological specimen from the patient. Other tests are conducted to identify latent tuberculosis or active tuberculosis. Other tests include chest x-ray, sputum sample, blood tests. Most common diagnostic test is PPD tuberculin test in which small amount of bacteria is extracted. Direct observation therapy treatment provides a health care professional to look medication till the course is completed. People with low immune system get affected by active tuberculosis. If not treated well it affects the total lungs and cause complication in the body. Nucleic acid amplification test and adenosine deaminase test allow fast curing of TB.  Treatments include medication, chemoprophylaxis decrease the risk of occurring of active tuberculosis in latent tuberculosis patients. Vaccination and prevention are the best way to stay away from tuberculosis.

Pulmonary disease is the common medical condition around the world. Pulmonary disease affects the organ that makes it difficult in breathing animals. Obstructive lung disease causes obstruction of air passage due the inflammation in the lungs. Restrictive lung disease causes the loss of stretching and expanding in lungs. Chronic respiratory disease is the long term disease the inflammation appears in lungs and treatment is present to shortening of passage. At present there is no solution for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the lung diseases mostly affect the bronchi and small branches of trachea. Death caused by the cancer includes lung cancer where most of men and women are affected. Lung cancer can affect any part of the lung but mostly affects the air sac where multiplication of cells takes place. Treatment for lung cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy. Main cause of lung cancer is smoking.

Interstitial lung disease is a circular term for a wide group of diseases that develops fibrosis of lungs. It makes difficult to breathe. It is caused due to the frequent exposure to asbestos, Rheumatoid arthritis. Lung scaring is irreversible and lung transplantation is the solution for interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung diseases in children are referred as children’s interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung diseases are used to differentiate from obstructive respiratory disease. Our body produce write amount of tissues to retain back from injury. Interstitial lung disease along with pulmonary sarcoidosis affected around 1.2 million people. Inhaling the air contaminated with bacteria, fungi cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Replacement of normal lung with scar tissues cause decreased oxygen capacity. Chest radiography is the initial step to detect the disease. Whereas, in interstitial lung disease the tissues gets stored forms thickening which leads to narrow passage of air.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is obstructive lung disease which is caused due to short breathing. It’s a developing disease which makes difficulty in the everyday core activities. Medication used for treating is bronchodilators which allows in widening of air passage. The progressing disease includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma. Chronic bronchitis is frequent coughing for 3 months a year and continued for 3years. Coughing is the main condition for COPD. Emphysema is presence of air or gas in tissues. Smoking, air pollution; genetics are some of the causes of COPD. Spirometer is instrument used to detect the disease. Shortness of breath, wheezing, and frequent coughing indicates the presence of COPD. Smoking is one of the key elements of causing COPD.COPD conference develops new ideas and techniques of pulmonary therapy

Neonatal lung disease is most common in premature babies preferably before the 3^rd trimester because of lack of surfactant produced cause problem in expanding of lungs. Some of the lung disease that affects the neonatal is bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Childhood interstitial lung disease, Meconium aspiration syndrome, and pneumonia. Surfactant replacement therapy is used in infants to cure respiratory distress syndrome. Lung diseases are most common in the neonates. Patent ductus arteriosus is the major cause for toxicity and death in premature babies. Respiratory syncytial virus is most common viral lung infection in both infants and premature infants. Wide knowledge on pathophysiology of lung disease and better understanding allowed developing more effective safe therapies for active and chronic disease. Pneumonia is the major cause of death in children in the developing countries.

Lung infection is caused by the attack of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and virus commonly referred as pneumonia. Pneumonia causes inflammation in alveoli of lungs. Dry cough, fever, chest pain are some symptoms of pneumonia. Around 7% of population is dying due to lung infection. Pneumonia can also be occurred through mixed infections like bacteria and virus in which 45%children and 15% adult are affected. Vaccines are used to prevent the infection. Mostly occur in geriatric people .pneumonia in children is by coughing, difficulty in breathing in rapid respiratory rate and low level of consciousness. Diagnosis depends on the condition and external examination. Chest X ray, blood test and sputum test conforms the condition.7%of population is affected by lung infection. 

Lung transplantation is a medical surgery where the infected lung is partially or completely replaced by new lung donated by a donor. Living donor can donate a single lobe. Lung transplantation takes place only when any other function is not affecting the patient.  Transplantation allows in improving the ability to breath and person should take lifelong immune suppressing medication. Lung transplantation is done when inability to take oxygen. Most of the lung transplantations are done for COPD. From latest figures of organ procurement and transplantation network shows that about 37000 lung transplants took over the years from 1988. Survival rate of lung transplantation has increased from few years and 80% survival rate in one year single transplantation. Severity of disease cannot transplant due to specific reasons as HIV, hepatitis, congestive heart failure and liver disease. There are certain conditions for donor due to required character of recipient. Living donor also phases some affects transplantation is the last option to cure lung failure. Numerous tests and qualifying criteria take place for transplanting. Immunosuppressant is taken after lung transplantation to protect the new lung

During breathing inhale of oxygen taken place where it is then transferred to the blood streams. Also, one-third population in United States is suffering from lung disease. Smokers mostly get affected by the lung diseases and several therapies are also given to control smoking. Spirometer is the instrument used to detect functioning of the lung. It is used to check the amount of air enter in to lungs and air coming out. Spirometer is used to detect the COPD and monitor the treatment. Diagnosis of lung disease can be conducted by performing tests like biopsy, blood test, bronchoscopy, sputum test and CT scan. Many various kinds of treatment are provided to expand the shortening of passage and to control symptoms to develop better health.  Treatment depends on the cause of the disease and health status of patient. Curing of lung disease includes medication, surgery, and oxygen therapy and lifestyle changes. Smoking cessation allows controlling the disease. Bronchodilators are used in the treatment of lung disease which relaxes the muscles around the air sacs, shortening of breathing making breathing easier. lung therapies allows  to improve health and lifestyle change.

Tuberculosis has shown higher rate of mortality than HIV because bacteria undergoes genetic mutation and forms resistance to present effective antibiotics. In 2013 WHO detected multiple drug resistance of 480,000 cases. There has been a great success in effective techniques in preventive care, infection care and treatment. Annual mortality rate has decreased since 1990. A sequence of international clinical trials by The British Medical council research, a four drug regimen was given for use in recently diagnosed tuberculosis patient. In latest research techniques of vaccines or new drug development are used to reduce risk in latently infected people. Despite of increasing funds in tuberculosis only 20 clinical trials of drugs and 12 vaccines are conducted.