World Congress on Advancements in Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases April 22-23, 2019 Tokyo, Japan

Biography:

Silaphet Somphavong is currently a PhD student of the École doctorale CBS2 (France), working on “Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antibiotic resistance in Lao PDR”. This project is collaboration between the Laos, France and Vietnam. She graduated from a medical school and continued her specialist on Tropical diseases at the IFMT (in Lao PDR) in 2010. She jointed the Center for Infectiology Lao-Christophe Merieux in 2011 as a research assistant in charge of TB research.

Abstract:

In Lao PDR, little is known about the genetic characteristics and drug resistance (DR) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). We aimed to study the genetic characteristics and DR of M. tb collected during the first National TB Prevalence Survey (2010–2011) in order to better understand the TB epidemiology in the country. Using MTBDRplus test for DR detection and spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR for genotyping.

Of 222 M. tb isolates, 11 were INH mono-resistant, 2 were MDR-TB. Of 206, the proportion of EAI family was 75.7%, Beijing 14.4% and T 5.5%. EAI isolates came from all provinces, Beijing isolates were found mainly in the northern provinces. A proportion of Beijing isolates was higher in people younger than 35 years compared to EAI, the percentage of DR was higher among Beijing (17.2%) than EAI (5.2%) isolates, the two MDR-TB isolates belonged to the Beijing family. The MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping results revealed an estimated clustering rate of 11% and the occurrence of mini-outbreaks of DR-TB caused by Beijing genotypes.

Biography:

Zakaria received a PhD degree from the University Claude Bernard (Lyon, France) in 1993.  He is currently Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia and was the recipient of Scholarship Awards from the Michael Smith Foundation of Health Research and the TB Vet Foundation.  Ongoing research in Zakaria’s lab focuses on developing novel gene manipulation technologies to upgrade the current BCG vaccine in order to maximize the induction of protective TB immunity. Of equal importance to the vaccine project, a biology-based study of Mtb persistence has revealed important virulence factors that represent attractive drug targets that could be used for TB treatment.

Abstract:

BCG vaccine, introduced almost 100 years ago, is the only option to prevent tuberculosis (TB) disease. It effectively protects newborns from meningeal TB but fails to prevent adult pulmonary TB. TB kills 1.3million people annually in areas where BCG vaccination is widely practiced. Thus, more effective TB vaccines are urgently needed. Others and we have shown that BCG mimics features of virulent M. tuberculosis, in particular attenuation of essential macrophage functions such as phagosome maturation and antigen presentation. One of these studies revealed that defect in antigen presentation is largely due to down-regulation of the cysteine protease Cathepsin S (CatS), which prevents MHC II molecule maturation and proper antigen peptide loading. Recent studies also suggested a potential role for cysteine proteases in the regulation of apoptosis, a key cellular process used by the macrophage to (i) contain and process ingested bacteria and (ii) facilitate cross-talk antigen presentation between the macrophage and dendritic cells.

To reverse the phenotype of vaccine-mediated macrophage attenuation, we engineered a novel BCG strain that expresses and secretes active CatS (rBCG-CatS) to examine its pro-apoptotic properties in vitro, and subsequently, immunogenicity in mice.

Transcriptomic profiling of macrophages infected with rBCG-CatS, but not BCG, revealed upregulation of key pro-apoptotic genes and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, which were further confirmed by RT-qPCR analyses of expression of selected genes. Macrophages infected with rBCG-CatS undergo apoptosis as indicated by increased levels of annexin V staining and intracellular caspase-3 cleavage. Consistent with these findings, mice vaccinated with rBCG-CatS showed increased antigen-specific CD4⁺ T-cell responses, as well as enhanced cytokine production and proliferation in CD4⁺ upon ex vivo re-stimulation.

Collectively, this study shows that a pro-apoptotic BCG strain alleviates adverse traits of the wild-type strain, resulting in a highly immunogenic TB vaccine.

Biography:

Joyce Sibanda is a professional nurse holding a Master in Public Health degree and currently is a PhD candidate. She has vast experience in adminstation and teaching  for both hospitals and education institutions. She worked in government and non-governmental organizations including humanitarian organizations. Her research interest has made her outstanding and open minded on public health issues.   She won an award as best scientific presenter at one of the International Health Research Conference held in 2017.

Abstract:

Tuberculosis has predominantly remained a public health concern in Swaziland. The situation is exacerbated by the advent of drug resistance TB. The HIV prevalence of 27% which is highest in the world has driven TB/ HIV coinfection rate to 70% with mortality rate of 14 % for DS   and 21% for DR-TB. In the past decade, there was little investment, support for advocacy and social mobilisation and funding for TB. These health inequities and adversaries found their routes and penetrated the weak health delivery system, triggering societal devastation bringing hopelessness. During that period TB services were offered through an outreach team from a central hospital.

Biography:

Abstract:

Despite being globally recommended as an effective intervention in tuberculosis (TB) prevention among people living with HIV, isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) implementation remains suboptimal, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study explored the factors influencing the acceptability of IPT among healthcare providers in selected HIV clinics in Nairobi County, Kenya, a high HIV/TB burden country.

This study provides insight into the complexity of factors affecting the IPT implementation in Kenya. Ensuring optimal acceptability of IPT among healthcare providers will require an expanded depth of engagement by policy-makers and IPT programme managers with both providers and patients, as well as on-the-job design specific actions to support providers in implementation. Such high-level commitment and support are consequently essential for quality delivery of the intervention to PLHIV hence promoting uptake.

Biography:

Abstract:

Engaging retail drug outlets has been translated into programmatic policy, strategy, and intervention in low- and middle-income countries. We need to think beyond traditional models that expect pharmacists to be able to recognize who may have TB and passively refer TB patients to the public sector. Pharmacists can be engaged for a variety of TB services across the cascade of care, and private pharmacies have been actively engaged in some development countries that have dramatically increased private sector TB case notifications in the country and improved quality of TB care in the private sector. In addition, a supportive and effective regulatory environment may be as important to help curb the private pharmacy sale of unnecessary antibiotics, and decrease diagnostic delays for millions of TB patients. Successful TB control efforts hinge on early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Biography:

Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza is a researcher at the Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda, and Ph.D. student at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp Belgium. Over 8 years, he has been working at the National Reference Laboratory and Tuberculosis control program, supporting the implementation of different operational research, and new tuberculosis diagnostic tools at the countrywide scale. Currently, his main research area focuses on improving diagnostics for multi-drug tuberculosis.

Abstract:

Statement of the problem: The first cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Rwanda were diagnosed in 1991, while the programmatic management of MDR-TB (including initiation of standardized MDR-TB regimen) started 15 years later (2006). The prevalence of MDR-TB among new TB patients rose from 1.3% in 1993 to 3.9% in 2005. To shorten delays in initiating MDR-TB treatment, subsequent approaches were employed including initiating rapid molecular tools such as MTBDRplus and Xpert MTB/RIF test. Encouragingly, the latest drug resistance survey in 2015 revealed a significant decline in the prevalence of MDR-TB among new tuberculosis patients. We analyzed the delays in initiating MDR-TB treatment and assessed the mortality rate before and after implementing rapid molecular tools. 

Biography:

Muminov K.P. has completed his PhD at the age of 30 years from Tashkent Medical Institute.  He is the chief physician at “The Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Therapy and Medical Rehabilitation”. He has published more than 30 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of repute. His work is devoted to the issues of COPD prognosis, since COPD is a serious problem these days in Uzbekistan.

Abstract:

Biography:

Abstract:

Assessment of the echometric parameters of the right heart chamber in different stages of COPD.Total of patients 150 with COPD. The average age was 47 ± 1,5 years. Patients were divided in to 3 group with COPD by severity:1G:mild-54 patients, 2G:moderate - 59 patients, 3G:severe -37 patients. The control group: 20 healthy persons. Echocardiographic study of the right heart was carried out in the B-and M-mode. Progression of COPD, the remodeling of the right heart is staged: dilatation of the prostatic cavity in the early stages, with a later development of hypertrophy of its myocardium and the MPAP.

Biography:

Abstract:

Bovine tuberculosis, is a chronic debilitating disease of animals characterized by the formation of granulomas (tubercles) in tissues and organs. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Bovine tuberculosis and associated risk factors.

In conclusion, the present study revealed an overall low level prevalence of BTB in the dairy cattle and farms (herds) as well as low knowledge’s regarding the disease.  Although the test indicated a low level of the problem, this should be taken as warranty and requires designing of an acceptable control strategy of disease before reaching its climax and poses great socioeconomic impacts as well as public health concern. Besides, raising community awareness regarding the disease is suggested.

Biography:

Abstract:

Kenya is rated 15^th among the 22 high TB burdened countries globally.TB remains the 4^th leading cause of death in Kenya. Duald HIV and TB epidemics are a challenge as co-infection rate stands at 35% in 2014.

Challenges in TB prevention include migration of the fisher folk community in search of fish, mortality as a result of co-infection, other alternative intervention due to denial and stigma, undiagnosed TB among children. Documentation by Community Health Workers .High prevalence of HIV-AIDS among the fisher folk community predisposes the population to TB infection because of the compromised immunity hence eroding the already achieved gains in TB prevention and control. This further complicates the TB prevention and control equation.Increased TB case detection rate in Naya community Unit has been credited to Community Health Services dispensation that has played a pivotal role in improving TB prevention and control using Community Health Workers.

Biography:

Dr. Moad has a PhD of Public Health (Infectious Disease Epidemiology), also he has a Master degree in Advance and research in Microbiology (Clinical Microbiology). He was highly trained in the Preventive Medicine and Infection Control department in Clinica de Navarra in Spain, Communicable Diseases department in the Ministry of Health in Jordan and also in advanced training in Rapid Response and Applied Epidemiology, etc

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to update and analyze tuberculosis (TB) mortality data in the European Union between 2000 and 2010 separately for men and women and try to detect if there have been any changes in trends in each country and the association with the economic situation and inequalities.TB mortality rates in the European Union decreased overall in 2000–2010 for both genders. Men have higher TB mortality rates than women in all countries. Our findings were consistent with the downward TB mortality trend in many other countries worldwide.

Biography:

Medical student in Surin hospital, Affiliated Institutes of Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand

Abstract:

Background: Age-related factors not only increase the risk of TB reactivation but also enhance susceptibility to TB infection, abetting outbreaks, high co-morbidity and high mortality. This study aim to evaluated prognostic factors, that effect mortality in elderly smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis.                     

Methods: A five years retrospective cohort study of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients from January 2013 to December 2018. This study was conducted at Surin hospital, a secondary-care referral center in Thailand. The inclusion criteria were age 15 years, smear positive. The identified patients were divided into two groups. Patients:age 15-69 years and age higher than 69 year. All of the general data and medical records for the enrolled patients were reviewed. Patients who had diabetes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV disease), chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis or age more than 70 years were defined as immune-compromised host. Relative risk was used. Significance testing by chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and time-to-event curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors for 40-day survival after admission.

Results: In 5844 patients of tuberculosis from 2013 to 2018 have 675 patients identified that smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis, 401 were in control group and 134 were in the elderly group, 140 patients die and 535 patients survived. In the elderly age group, female was higher than male.The elderly group had statistically significant difference higher in acute respiratory failure and chronic kidney disease, but lower in HIV disease. The mortality rate increased continuously with age, risk difference 6.5% per 20 years. In elderly group are increase mortality rate, relative risk 1.55 times.There had statistically significant difference between two groups in mortality by univariable cox’s regression analysis (hazards ratio=1.56; 95%confidence interval=1.10-2.20; P=0.012) and by multivariable Cox’s regression analysis (hazards ratio=1.76; 95%confidence interval=1.23-2.54; P=0.002) were associated with 40 days survival. The medial survival was 17 and 35 days in elderly and control group, significant in log rank test (P<0.010).

Conclusion:In the elderly age group, female was higher than male.Mortality in the elderly was remarkably higher than in younger, and increased continuously with age.