2^nd International Conference on Tuberculosis, Lung Health and Respiratory Diseases December 20-21, 2022 Prague, Czech Republic

Tuberculosis epidemiology is the field of science that is concerned with the study of health and disease within populations and the various circumstances that lead to these conditions, with a goal of preventing the spread of disease. One-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis. 13.7 million Chronic active cases, were reported by 2007 and 8.8 million new cases were roughly calculated in 2010 and 1.45 million deaths, are frequently noted in developing countries.  Out of these, 0.35 million deaths occur in those co-infected with HIV. In 2012, around 450,000 people developed MDR-TB. TB incidence varies with age. In Africa, TB chiefly affects adolescents and young adults. However, in United States, TB has gone from high to low incidence, where TB is mainly a disease of older people, or of the immunosuppressed.

Since 1985, Lung cancer has been the most quotidian cancer in the globe. Worldwide, lung cancer, new cancer diagnosis and cancer fatalities. COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is related to age. Lung cancer intensifies with age, especially after age 60. The average age of patients diagnosed with lung cancer is 70 years.

Persons with latent TB infection do not feel sick and do not have any symptoms. They are infected with M. tuberculosis, but do not have TB disease. The only sign of TB infection is a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test or TB blood test. Persons with latent TB infection are not infectious and cannot spread TB infection to others

Advanced  diagnostic techniques such as X-ray and echocardiography is used to diagnose lung diseases and lung function tests is another test to determine lung cancer disease. This is a medical process involving the pleural cavity and other thoracic internal examination, biopsy and resection of the disease or mass. Thoracoscopy may be sedation under general anesthesia or local anesthesia. Surgical biopsy is a better way to diagnose lung cancer standards. Must wear appropriate masks & monitor exposure and in some working environments it is important to take precautions. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a gradual process that causes difficulties in the death of respiratory failure or its associated lung disease and is the process of stopping smoking.

A Lung infection affects lungs, either in the larger airways or in the smaller air sacs. There is a build-up of pus and fluid, and the airways become swollen, making it difficult  to breathe. Chest infections can affect the people of all ages. Young children and the elderly are most at risk, as well as people who are ill and smokers. A chest infection can be serious for these people.

As of 2011, the only available vaccine is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin , is a vaccine for  tuberculosis disease. Many people have been BCG-vaccinated. BCG is primarily used as a vaccine in many countries which is a high aid for preventing TB as childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. Tuberculosis can be treated by taking several drugs for 6 to 9 months.  There are 10 drugs which are presently approved by FDA  for treating TB. Out of the approved drugs, the first-line anti-TB agents that form the basis of treatment regimens include: isoniazid, pyrazinamide rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin. Once the TB patient is known to be fully susceptible to ethambutol or streptomycin, it can be discontinued.

Clinical trials are concerned with diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The development of drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are extensively a rising global health problem. A recent advance in the progress of new drugs & regimens provides hope that may be well effective, tolerated and shorter-duration treatment for tuberculosis will become available. During clinical trials they promote research within local TB control programs through association on clinical research of importance to public health settings, and to provide a platform for internatiseases and Tuberculosis.onal collective research of consequence to both domestic and universal TB control.

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) begins when an antibiotic fails to eradicate all the bacteria that it targets, with the surviving bacteria producing resistance to that antibiotic and usually others at the same time. Primary Multidrug resistant, MDR-TB occurs in patients who was not earlier been infected with TB but who became infected with a strain which is resistant to the treatment. Acquired multidrug resistance for TB occurs in patients during treatment with a drug regimen that is not competent of killing the particular strain of TB with which they have been infected. MDR-TB requires treatment with second-line drugs, often four or more anti-TB drugs for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum for 18–24 months, if rifampin resistance has been identified in the specific strain of TB with which the patient has been infected. Under ideal program conditions, MDR-TB cure rates can approach 70%. In general, second-line drugs are less effective, more toxic and much more expensive than first-line drugs.

TB and HIV co-infection is that where people have both, either latent or active TB disease and also HIV infection. In addition to HIV infection is speeding up the progress from latent TB infection to active TB disease, in accordance TB bacteria also enhance the progression of HIV infection. Than many other opportunistic infections, TB occurs earlier in the course of HIV infection. In co-infected individuals, the risk of death is also twice that of HIV infected individuals without TB, even when antiretroviral therapy and CD4 cell count are taken into account. The provision of anti TB drug therapy and HIV antiretroviral treatment at the same time involves a number of potential difficulties including: A high pill burden, Drug – drug interactions, Cumulative drug toxicities.

TB and Diabetes co-infection: Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to numerous complications, including neuropathy, vascular disease, and increased susceptibility to infection. Diabetes may also lead to increased susceptibility to the disease via multiple mechanisms that are caused by M. tuberculosis.

There are even other co-infections with Tuberculosis such as malaria, Typhoid fever, Dengue, hepatitis.

TB diagnosis includes microbiological studies such as sputum, alternative sampling, PCR.  Immunological test involves ALS assay, transdermal patch, tuberculin skin test, mantoux skin test, heaf test, CDC classification of tuberculin reaction, BCG vaccine and tuberculin skin test, Adenosine deaminase, Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), Full blood count & Interferon-? release assays.

Mycobacterium bovis is the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) that causes zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) in humans. Bovine TB is mostly acquired from domestic animals and their products, in which cattle’s are the major reservoir. The disease results in huge economic loss, particularly in urban and per-urban cross breed dairy cattle due to mortality, low productivity and carcass condemnation as well as trade restrictions of live animals, products and by products of animals. To prevent and control zoonotic TB, veterinary sectors must be cross sectored in controlling the disease in its animal reservoir, developing diagnostic tools for diagnosingM. bovis, strengthening surveillance systems and assessing economic impact.

Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women in the world. Lung cancer-related trends have been mainly related to smoking over the past several decades. In 2015, the American Cancer Society handles 221,200 new cases, diagnosed as 158,040 deaths due only to lung cancer. Risk factors for lung cancer are primarily smoking and air pollution. According to the doctor's suggestion, there are no symptoms associated with the first stage of lung cancer. According to researchers' research, lung cancer mortality rate is not improved at the time of diagnosis and most lung cancer progresses to advanced stage.

COPD is a disease involving airway inflammation and thickening.  It also involves the destruction of oxygen-exchanged lung tissue. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is described as "preventable and treatable disease, characterized by an incompletely reversible airflow limitation, which is usually progressive and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to harmful particles or gases. This gradual and relentless loss of lung disease is caused by emphysema caused by the destruction of the lung parenchyma. Smoking (long term smokers), chronic bronchitis, genetic factors (genes) and due to chronic inflammation and fibrosis as well as elasticity The resulting loss of small airway narrows, which leads to gradual airflow limitation, air capture, and further shortages of breathing in motion.

Asthma is a chronic disease that makes lungs harder and affects the airways that carry air to and from the lung which leads to swelling or inflammation of the airway wall. This swelling or inflammation makes the airways extremely sensitive to irritations and increases your susceptibility to an allergic reaction. As inflammation causes the airways to become narrower, less air can pass through them, both to and from the lungs which makes difficult to breathe. Thus the patience suffers from symptoms like wheezing (a hissing sound while breathing), chest tightness, breathing problems, and coughing.