3^rd World Congress on Advancements in Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases November 22-23, 2021 Singapore City, Singapore

Epidemiology is branch of science which makes effective ideas for preventing the illness and provides precautions to patients suffering. More than one-quarter of world population is affected with mycobacterium infections. Tuberculosis is widely spreadable disease after HIV/AIDS. Tuberculosis was at high in 2003 which gradually reduced over the years and during 2007 most of people globally were affected by tuberculosis. In developed countries tuberculosis is relatively less familiar. Tuberculosis is generally referred as urban disease. Tuberculosis is mainly caused in geriatrics and low immune. Most of the M .bacterium infection is non- contagious. About 95% of infection is asymptomatic.

In the history drugs are discovered through the active ingredients from age old remedies, but during the present day’s disease are controlled by molecular and physiological level. The healthy approach towards discovering new drugs also measures to reduce the prolonged clinical development of new drugs.it involves the details about the preclinical and clinical trials of tuberculosis. Antibiotic drugs became shortage due to multiple drug resistance which is main cause of tuberculosis. New drug discovery uses the inactive bacteria to develop new drug for tuberculosis. Mycobacterium is resistant to most the antibiotics. To achieve the shorter duration therapy it is expected to destroy the sub population of mycobacterium.

Drug resistance tuberculosis is a tuberculosis infection caused by infectious bacteria that are resistant to treatment of first line anti tubercular drugs. Insufficient drug delivery is the main cause of drug resistance. Some tuberculosis infectious bacteria are also resistant to second line drugs referred as extensively drug resistant TB. Beginning of antibiotic treatment, some strains of TB bacteria produced resistance to specific drugs through genetic changes. Multi drug resistance require second line drug which are less effective and more active. 9% of MDR-TB are resistant to one of the drugs in the group comes under XDR-TB. Increase in resistance level in tuberculosis strain causes complication for public health to control tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is an opportunistic infection and is easily affected to the people with HIV. HIV weakens the immune system which increases chance of getting affected with tuberculosis. Person have both HIV/tuberculosis is referred as HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. Conditions become severe in the case of multidrug resistance tuberculosis and extensively drug resistance tuberculosis is difficult to cure and causes increase in mortality. Pro inflammatory cytokine production by tuberculous granulomas is connected with HIV viremia which leads to the cause of disease. Untreated latent TB infection can be easily activated to TB disease in HIV patients due to their low immunity. If not treated it leads to death. TB is difficult to diagnose in HIV positive patient than a person with only TB.HIV-TB coinfection people are treated with anti-retroviral therapy and anti-tubercular drugs. Advantages of early anti- retroviral drugs includes decreased trend of mortality.   

Rehabilitation is restoring someone into normal life style. Rehabilitation plays a major role in tuberculosis patient because of mediation and therapy course during the treatment. The side effects of TB medication are extensive so it requires rehabilitation or extensive therapy. There are many side effects during medication course which causes depression. Due to pressure faced during the treatment and post treatment makes the patient weak so rehabilitation of one to one session, counselling after course allows them to deal with external pressure.

Nanotechnology is duplicating the matter on an atomic scale. Nanotechnology refers to building the structure in micro level. Development of novel drugs decreases the drug resistance and drug interaction. In the past years many research are done in developing the nanotechnology based therapy for replacing the administration of antibiotics. Different animal model are tired to develop antibiotic therapy using polymer technology. Nanoparticles are made up of biocompatible and biodegradable which is either natural or synthetic .they can easily dissolve in cell .polymeric nanoparticles represent as bio adhesive in gastro intestinal tract. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid [PLGA] is a copolymer accepted by food and drug administration for therapeutic purpose. Nano beads have the slow and sustained release of particles. Introduction of nanoparticles allows decreasing the side effects, multiple drugs can be encapsulated in a matrix, high constancy.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis is done by taking the biological specimen from the patient. Other tests are conducted to identify latent tuberculosis or active tuberculosis. Other tests include chest x-ray, sputum sample, blood tests. Most common diagnostic test is PPD tuberculin test in which small amount of bacteria is extracted. Direct observation therapy treatment provides a health care professional to look medication till the course is completed. People with low immune system get affected by active tuberculosis. If not treated well it affects the total lungs and cause complication in the body. Nucleic acid amplification test and adenosine deaminase test allow fast curing of TB.  Treatments include medication, chemoprophylaxis decrease the risk of occurring of active tuberculosis in latent tuberculosis patients. Vaccination and prevention are the best way to stay away from tuberculosis.

Pulmonary disease is the common medical condition around the world. Pulmonary disease affects the organ that makes it difficult in breathing animals. Obstructive lung disease causes obstruction of air passage due the inflammation in the lungs. Restrictive lung disease causes the loss of stretching and expanding in lungs. Chronic respiratory disease is the long term disease the inflammation appears in lungs and treatment is present to shortening of passage. At present there is no solution for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the lung diseases mostly affect the bronchi and small branches of trachea. Death caused by the cancer includes lung cancer where most of men and women are affected. Lung cancer can affect any part of the lung but mostly affects the air sac where multiplication of cells takes place. Treatment for lung cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy. Main cause of lung cancer is smoking.

Interstitial lung disease is a circular term for a wide group of diseases that develops fibrosis of lungs. It makes difficult to breathe. It is caused due to the frequent exposure to asbestos, Rheumatoid arthritis. Lung scaring is irreversible and lung transplantation is the solution for interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung diseases in children are referred as children’s interstitial lung disease.Interstitial lung diseases are used to differentiate from obstructive respiratory disease. Our body produce write amount of tissues to retain back from injury. Interstitial lung disease along with pulmonary sarcoidosis affected around 1.2 million people. Inhaling the air contaminated with bacteria, fungi cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Replacement of normal lung with scar tissues cause decreased oxygen capacity. Chest radiography is the initial step to detect the disease. Whereas, in interstitial lung disease the tissues gets stored forms thickening which leads to narrow passage of air.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an obstructive lung disease caused the short breathing. It is a developing disease that hinders basic day-to-day activities. The medication used for treatment are bronchodilators that allow the air passage to widen. The progressive disease includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis and asthma. Chronic bronchitis is a frequent cough for 3 months a year and continued for 3 years. Cough is the main condition of COPD. Emphysema is the presence of air or gas in the tissues. Smoking, air pollution; genetics are some of the causes of COPD. The spirometer is an instrument used to detect the disease. Shortness of breath, wheezing and frequent coughing indicate the presence of COPD. Smoking is one of the main elements of the cause of COPD. COPD conference develops new pulmonary therapy ideas and techniques

Neonatal lung disease is more common in premature babies, preferably before the 3rd trimester, due to the lack of produced surfactant, which causes problems in the expansion of the lungs. Some of the lung diseases that affect the newborn are bronchopulmonary dysplasia, childhood interstitial lung disease, meconium aspiration  syndrome and pneumonia. Surfactant replacement therapy is used in babies to cure respiratory distress syndrome. Lung diseases are more common in neonates. The persistence of the ductus arteriosus is the main cause of toxicity and death in premature babies. Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common viral lung infection in babies and premature infants. The broad knowledge of the pathophysiology of pulmonary diseases and better understanding has allowed the development of safe therapies that are more effective for active and chronic diseases. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children in developing countries.

Lung infection is caused by attacks by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses commonly called pneumonia. Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli of the lungs diseases . Dry cough, fever, chest pain are some of the symptoms of pneumonia. About 7% of the population is dying from lung infection. Pneumonia can also occur through mixed infections, such as bacteria and viruses, in which 45% of children and 15% of adults are affected. Vaccines are used to prevent infection. It occurs mainly in geriatric people. Pneumonia in children is due to cough, difficulty breathing at a rapid respiratory rate and low level of consciousness. The diagnosis depends on the condition and the external examination. Chest X-ray, blood test and sputum test confirm the condition. 7% of the population is affected by lung infection.

Lung transplantation is a medical surgery in which the infected lung is partially or totally replaced by a new lung donated by a donor. A living donor can donate a single lobe. Lung transplantation occurs only when any other function is not affecting the patient. Transplantation improves breathing capacity and the person must take immunity suppressing drugs for the rest of his life. The lung transplant is done when there is an inability to take oxygen. Most lung transplants are done for COPD. According to the most recent data on organ procurement and the transplant network, some 37,000 lung transplants occurred over the course of 1988. The lung transplant survival rate increased in a few years and the survival rate increased by 80%. in a single year of transplantation. The severity of the disease cannot be transplanted due to specific reasons such as HIV, hepatitis, congestive heart failure and liver disease. There are certain conditions for the donor due to the required character of the recipient. The living donor also has some affections. Transplantation is the last option for cure lung failure. Various tests and qualification criteria occur for the transplant. The immunosuppressant is administered after the lung transplant to protect the new lung.

During breathing, oxygen is inhaled, where it is then transferred to the bloodstream. In addition, a third of the United States population suffers from lung disease. Smokers are mainly affected by lung diseases and several therapies are also administered to control smoking. The spirometer is the instrument used to detect the functioning of the lung. It is used to check the amount of air entering the lungs and the amount of air leaving. The spirometer is used to detect COPD and monitor treatment. The diagnosis of pulmonary diseases can be carried out through tests such as biopsy, blood test, bronchoscopy, sputum test and computed tomography. Many types of treatment are provided to expand the shortened passage and control symptoms to develop better health. Treatment depends on the cause of the disease and the patient's health. The cure for lung disease includes medication, surgery and oxygen therapy and lifestyle changes. Smoking cessation allows controlling the disease. Bronchodilators are used to treat lung diseases that relax the muscles around the air sacs, shorten breathing and make breathing easier. pulmonary therapies improve health and change lifestyle.

Tuberculosis has shown a higher mortality rate than HIV because the bacterium undergoes genetic mutation and forms resistance to present effective antibiotics. In 2013, WHO detected resistance to multiple drugs from 480,000 cases. There has been great success in effective preventive care, infection care and treatment techniques. The annual mortality rate has declined since 1990. A sequence of international clinical trials by the British Medical Council's research, a four-drug regimen was given for use in a newly diagnosed tuberculosis patient. In the latest research, vaccine techniques or new drug development are used to reduce the risk in lately infected people. Despite increasing resources for tuberculosis, only 20 clinical trials of drugs and 12 vaccines are performed